Social Justice Blog: Disabilites, Discrimination And The "R" Word

After reading Adams's chapters pertaining to disabilities and reflecting on experiences where I've come in contact with disabled people, I realized something. I thought a lot about Adams's question in Chapter 100, "Why is American society largely unaware of or indifferent to the plight of people with disabilites?" It hit me that I'm guilty of being largely unaware of the struggles of disabled individuals. While I did stand up for students during my school years who were made fun for being "slow" and I help people with difficulty walking cross the street, I feel that my knowledge and understanding of this subject is quite superficial. Nonetheless, this week's course readings brought to light many topics that I'm trying to educate myself more about.

There is no doubt that our society is ableist. This is reinforced by the misconception many Americans have that disability doesn't constitute a serious category of oppression. People fail to see the number of difficulties disabled individuals undergo, including rape, sexual abuse, domestic violence, and incest in homes, private locations, and public institutions. Chapter 100 couldn't be more accurate in its claim that society often overlooks the struggles of disabled people. The chapter discusses how students pour over the subject of race in their textbooks and read the work of multicultural writers in high school and college. While we acknowledge that racism exists in our society, we don't realize that we are ableist. Honestly, I felt guilty after thinking how true this statement is. I pride myself on being open-minded and informed about different types of people, however, I've never in my life read the work of disabled poets, deaf writers, or parapeligic artists. I really wish American schools would bring to our notice the significance of these people and their contributions to society.

It blows my mind that 72 percent of people with disabilities are unemployed and their income is half the national average. The poverty rate among working-age adults with disabilities is almost 3 times that of those without impairments. One-third of all disabled children live in poverty and 90 to 98 percent of discrimination cases brought under the Americans with Disabilities Act by people with disabilites have been lost in court (Adams, 482). Upon reading these statistics, I was dumbfounded. There's no doubt that we focus more on the struggles of certain minority groups than others. Although as a woman of color I've experienced discrimination, I realize I'm more than privileged since I'm not disabled. I don't experience the high degrees of ridicule, ostracism, scorn, and neglect that disabled individuals face on a day-to-day basis. From here on out, I will make a conscious effort to be more mindful of this population and its struggles.

An important step toward being more sensitive toward and understanding of the needs of disabled people is social awareness. Whether it's parents teaching their children to be more compassionate or companies empathizing more with their disabled employees, awareness is key in moving forward. A great example of this would be my mom's insistence that my brother and I refrain from using the word "retarded" from a young age. I remember when I was in elementary school, I heard other kids refer to each other as "retards" if someone did something they considered unintelligent. Upon hearing this word thrown around on a regular basis, I remember as a naive 10 year-old I once called my brother retarded during a fight. My mom immediately chastized me for this and explained the implications of this word. A couple of months later at a family reunion, I met an autistic second cousin of mine. I was able to put two and two together and I realized why it was wrong to throw around the word "retarded."

On Friday, May and I were interviewing people in Northeast Austin regarding economic disparities in relation to education. As we went from house to house, we came across an elderly man sitting on his front porch smoking a cigarette. He was very friendly and willing to talk when we asked him if we could interview him. He educated us about the difficulties in the neighborhoods off of St. Johns Avenue and Berkman Drive. As an elderly African-American man who had lived in this neighborhood his entire life, he offered a very interesting perspective. After speaking for a bit about the escalation in violent crimes, drugs, and gang-banging in the neighborhood, he talked about himself. I then asked him about his life now and what he does. He stated that he is retired, elderly, disabled, and "doesn't do anything anymore."

Although he said it with a laugh, this statement made me uneasy. No one should have to spend their days feeling unproductive and useless due to a disability. This man's story resonated with something I read in Chapter 100. Oftentimes, when there is a person of color who happens to be disabled, people often attribute that person's difficulties to his/her being a person of color. They rarely acknowledge disablity as a factor in influencing one's struggles. However, after reading this chapter it occurred to me that this man may in fact face a high level of discrimination and ostracism due to his status as a disabled individual in addition to being African-American. The bottom line is that disabilities shouldn't be overlooked and society should do a better job of being understanding of the needs of disabled people. Disability can be just as much of a struggle as racism, sexism, homophobia, etc and it is up to us that ALL members of subordinate groups in our society recieve support and are advocated for.

Social Justice Blog: The Transgender Population and Gender Identity

Identity. This word is the basis of our existence. Our identity defines everything from the most minute details of our lives to the more significant choices we make. More specifically, gender identity plays a crucial role in helping us determine who we are. Our identification of ourselves as male, female, transgender, transsexual, undecided, etc provides us with a sense of belonging. A sense of belonging is located in the middle of Maslow's hierarchy of needs. It is human nature to desire acceptance and a sense of community, and the sad reality is that transgender and transsexual individuals often lack this. In a society where identifying as one's original sex and as either male or female is championed, those who don't fit these norms are more likely to experience oppression, subjugation, and a lack of belonging.

It has never made sense to me why someone should be treated differently based on their gender identity. I've always felt that this topic is a very personal one where society has no place in getting involved. Why should family, neighbors, employers, or the government have a say in whether someone wants to wear pants or a skirt to work? Or whether someone wants male or female body parts? I can't imagine how it would feel to have outsiders constantly pass judgment on my lifestyle. I realize that gender identity is one area where I'm definitely privileged. I'm physically and emotionally a female and I take joy in wearing make-up, heels, and dresses. I love jewelery, the color pink, and muscular men. I'm privileged because what I like happens to fall under what society considers "acceptable" for me.

That being said, I have no qualms whatsoever with someone who may have been born a woman but believes they should be a man (or vice versa). Just because I enjoy wearing feminine clothes and I exhibit certain feminine behaviors doesn't mean all other women should have to. If there are other women out there who want to get a sex change and live as men, they should have every right to. The same of course applies to men who want to become women. Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness are guaranteed in the Bill of Rights and I don't see why they wouldn't apply in these situations. If undergoing a gender-transformation brings someone happiness, it doesn't make sense to me why they should be forced into a lifestyle that doesn't work for them. If someone is a good, compassionate, and decent human being, that's what truly counts. As Martin Luther King Jr. emphasized, it is important to judge someone by the content of their character.

I found Adams's Chapeter 88: Transgender Liberation to be very interesting. I emphathize greatly with the transgender community located near the Compton Cafeteria and I can understand why many of them felt immense resentment toward the police officers. It made me feel queasy to read about how transgender women were treated when arrested on suspicion of prostitution. It makes me sick to think about how they were objectified, driven around in squad cars for hours, strip-searched, and forced to perform oral sex. It was heart-wrenching to read about how they were often locked in men's jails and consequently were put at a greater risk for sexual assault, rape, and murder.

On a positive note, I'm glad that the Compton Cafeteria Riot of 1966 brought awareness to the plight of transgender people. While the riot didn't eliminate their oppresion overnight, it did make San Franciscans think about how to improve their treatment of these individuals. Adams eloquently describes the shift in attitude when he says "---to begin treating them, in fact, as citizens with legitimate needs instead of simply as a problem to get rid of" (Adams, 435). While I have experienced discrimination as a woman of color, there is no way my experiences of oppression can equate to those who identify as transgender. The dissonance between one's gender at birth and psychological gender must be difficult enough to deal with; I can't imagine how it must feel to deal with immense oppression on top of that.

I've noticed that transgender identities are stigmatized throughout many different countries. My mom has told me about "hijras," the Hindi word for transsexuals. Like transsexuals in the United States, transsexuals in India live on the fringes of society. People treat them as outcasts and feel immensely threatened by them. They are often involved in prostitution since they struggle to find respectable employment. They are also more prone to assault and rape than many other people. An example of their ostracism is in the Indian myth that they are cursed. It is said in India that if hijras ask for money and you don't give it to them, they can curse your family. For this reason, people are very quick to empty out their wallets when hijras come begging for money. It's sad that this is one of the ways that transsexuals in India make a living--through other people's fear of them.

Indonesia is another country where transgender people face immense discrimination. President Obama's former nanny, Evie, described her experience as a transsexual in Indonesia in an article last month http://news.yahoo.com/ap-exclusive-obamas-transgender-ex-nanny-outcast-070907242.html. Although she never wore women's clothes in front of him, she lived a considerable part of her life as a woman. The turning point came when she found one of her other transgender friends beaten to death. After considering the harrasment and possible threat to her life in a conservative Islamic country, Evie reverted back to presenting herself as a man. In the Yahoo article she shares experiences she's had running away from cops with batons and struggling to find work. Nevertheless, in spite of the oppression and discrimination she has endured, Evie proudly declares, "Now when people call me scum, I just say 'but I was the nanny for the President of the United States!'"

The transgender population is often overlooked or looked upon as undesirable in our society. Since we pride ourselves on being a nation that values equality, it is vital that we consider the needs and struggles of these individuals. At the end of the day, they are also human beings. A significant reason for the prevalence of transphobia in our nation is the manner in which we are socialized. Society attempts to inculcate a fear of this population within us at a young age, and the first thing we can do to alter this pattern is to educate others. If we inform others about the struggles of transgender people and make it known that they are citizens and not "scum," we can make a huge impact. A shift in attitude is the most important step that we, as a society, can take in order to achieve equality for all people.

Ghana Blog: Race, White Privilege, and Ghana

Race is a topic that remains unacknowledged in our society. While most Americans are aware of the racial tensions and disparities that exist, many don't feel comfortable talking about it. In my Foundations for Social Justice class, we have had many discussions regarding the significance of race in America. Despite the strides we have made throughout the course of time, racial divides still exist. While people of color lead considerably better lives and have more equal opportunity than in past year, White privilege exists in various shapes and forms.

My personal experiences with race have been different from most people I've talked to. One of the main differences lies in the fact that the United States doesn't have a very well-established Indian community. While there are pockets of Indians in certain parts of the country, our ethnic group still a small minority. Another defining factor is that I was raised very differently from many of the Indian kids I knew while growing up. I went to a primarily White elementary school and then went to a magnet middle school where the majority of students were Hispanic and Black. In high school, my close friends were multiethnic and multireligious. After college, my life became even more of a melting pot: I'm a proud Indian-American with a strong sense of Indian roots, my boyfriend is Nigerian-American, my 3 roommates are Hispanic, and I have close friends that are Indians of different religious faiths, White, Black, Hispanic, Middle Eastern, and mixed.

My appearance is further evidence of my experience as a melting pot. I find that people often don't know how to classify me. I'm often asked if I'm Arab, part Black, or part Hispanic. I've noticed over the years that while people seem to be doing a better job of identifying me as Indian, many continue to struggle. I don't feel offended by this at all--in fact, I can see why people may mistake me for another ethnicity. I have similar facial features to many Arab people, I share a similar skin tone with many Black people, and my hair texture is similar to many Hispanic people's. In a way, I find it really interesting that I can be percieved as a member of four different ethnicties.

The role of White Privilege in my life is quite confusing. Indians are often referred to by society and the media as a "model minority." This plays into the stereotype of Indians as doctors, engineers, and occasionally convenience store owners. I personally find this term to be extremely irritating. It almost makes me feels like a lap dog that's getting a pat on the back for being "obedient." I find that attitude to be quite dehumanizing. Regardless of the perception of Indians as a "model minority," I find that I still lack White Privilege in many ways. I've experienced racial slurs while growing up, people have assumed I'm not from here, I get occasional dirty looks in public, and I've been treated differently from my White counterparts in certain settings. It's tough having to deal with the "model minority" label since there is an urealistic, stereotypical perception of us as high-achieving professionals. At the same time, we suffer for this because society assumes that we're so "perfect" and don't have any problems. Consequently, what happens is that discimination, economic inequalities, and emotional health needs experienced by these communities are overlooked.

As far as race within our Ghana program is concerned, I'm looking forward to going with a racially mixed group. I appreciate the fact there is such a wide range of people. Coming from a nation with a history of racial tension, I feel that most of us are well aware of the magnitude of injustices that occur. In fact, I feel that this awareness can manifest in a positive manner in Ghana. It is likely that our knowledge and understanding about oppression that has taken place in our country will carry over and help us implement successful service learning projects. Our overall awareness can be a useful tool in empowering Ghanian communities. Additionally, our heightened sense of sensitivity will come through when we hear comments related to race made by Ghanians. I know Dr. Gilbert mentioned in class that Ghanians use terms to refer to race very loosely. I feel that as members of a racially mixed group from a country with a history of racial strife, we have an innate sense of cultural competence. I don't think the Ghanian references will offend most of us since we understand that they aren't out of malice or hatefulness. The most important thing to keep in mind is that we all have one thing in common--our passion and desire to work with communities in Ghana. While there may be surface level differences between one another, we are all more similar than different.

Social Justice Blog: Is Our Society Really Post-Sexist and Post-Racist?

One of the most important things I've realized this week is that we as a society still have so far to go when it comes to eliminating inequalities. It's not that I didn't know this earlier, however, in light of the readings, my own research on the Clarence Thomas case, and the on-going Trayvon Martin case it has become more evident to me. We, as Americans, are often so quick to criticize other societies for being backward yet we continue to struggle with racial and gender disparities in our society. While we should do our part to help other nations with their struggles, it is imperative that we look at our own problems as well. I'll being by talking a little bit about sexism.

Chapter 70 of Adams's book really resonated with me. We supposedly live in a society where equal opportunity exists yet it doesn't seem this way at times. Many women would agree that despite the strides society has made, double standards and discrimination in the workplace still exist. A few of the most hard-hitting examples in this chapter are: "HE's having a baby: He'll need a raise---SHE's having a baby: She'll cost the company money in maternity benefits," "HE's firm---SHE's stubborn," "HE loses his temper---SHE's bitchy," and "HE exercises authority---SHE's tyrannical." Although women are much more liberated than they used to be, there are still many hurdles we have to overcome. One of my classmates eloquently stated that it seems like as women, we can never win. If we abide by traditional gender roles, we are weak. If we are confident and in control, we're bitches. The examples in this Adams chapter demonstrate how the same behavior that put women in a negative light put men in a positive light.

Another one of the chapters I found interesting was Chapter 65, "Violence against Women is a Men's Issue." The author makes a strong case when he states that since 99 percent of rape is perpetrated by men, it is in fact a men's issue. I also agree with his statement that we must work toward chaning sexist norms throughout all areas of society, "from the elementary school playground to the common room in retirement communities---and every locker room, pool hall, and boardroom in between. The sad truth is that women have also been socialized into thinking sexist behavior is acceptable. If everything from ancient traditions to modern day pop culture is encouraging you to abide by certain norms, it's very hard to go against society. We, as Americans, talk about the likes of the Middle East and Africa as very oppressive societies (which they are in some ways), however, it's almost as if we fail to notice the disparities that take place here at home. If you ask me, it's pretty backward if women can't go out at night without the fear of getting raped or attacked.

After Professor G briefly mentioned Clarence Thomas and Anita Hill, I was interested in learning more about the case. I understood that it related to sexual harrasment and came about around the time I was born, however, I never knew the details of the situation. As I read more about Anita Hill's allegations, some of the responses she recieved were shocking. So many people were quick to blame her and accuse her of lying. Some even suggested that she was delusional and that Clarence Thomas wasn't capable of such behavior. I personally find it very courageous of her to stand up in public and speak out against someone's wrongdoing. Society expects women to brush these issues under the rug, even if they are very serious.

There's no doubt in my mind that Anita Hill was speaking the truth. Why would someone lie about something so serious? The fact that other women also recognized his inappropriate behavior is proof that she wasn't the only one who felt uncomfortable. I was disgusted as I read through the allegations. In addition to asking her out multiple times, he brought up sex during work, discussed women and animals having sex, described his own "sexual prowess," and made comments about his anatomy. My first thought upon reading this was, "Creep." It's unfortunate that the court ruled in favor of him by such a narrow margin. However, on a more positive note, this led to the "Year of the Woman." Many women upset by the treatment of Ms.Hill felt that the 98% male Senate didn't take her complaints seriously. This sense of frustration ultimately led to greater empowerment and a record increase in female political participation. In the House of Representatives, 24 women won new seats.

I have a serious problem with this "blaming the victim" attitude present in our society. Whether it is Ms. Hill or Trayvon Martin, some people are so quick to accuse the victim or doubt them. Wouldn't a better way to end racism or sexism be to actually direct our anger toward the perpetrators? It disgusted me to read that some politicians dismissed Ms. Hill as crazy and unstable. It also infuriates me when people say that Trayvon wouldn't have been shot if he wasn't wearing a hoodie. Really? Our nation is supposed to be a free country that protects people regardless of their gender, skin color, sexual orientation, or religious affiliation. Obviously our society isn't as progressive as we think it is if so many people are still treated like second-class citizens.

Now the question is, what are we going to do about it? This class has really helped me think more about the "how" in addition to the "what." I really like Professor's G's idea about using writing as a a tool to advocate for certain causes. The written word is more powerful than many people think. My dad was telling me recently about an experience he had when he was a student at UT in the late 80s. At that time, someone had written a very racist editorial about Aparatheid, justifying the South African government's treatment of people of color. The editorial was apparently very condescending and portrayed minorities as unintelligent. In his anger, my dad wrote a response to that editorial and sent it to the Daily Texan. His response ended up getting published and thanks to his efforts, many people were able read about a different point of view. When he was at UT, there wasn't much ethnic, religious, and cultural diversity. The fact that he got his word out in an eloquent, educated manner let bigoted people know that there are others who aren't ok with racism and will speak out against it.

I personally feel that part of being a good social worker involves passionately advocating for important causes. Part of the journey involves reading books and taking classes, however, the other part includes putting the knowledge into action. This involves educating the community about social issues, attending rallies and meetings, and being involved in the political process. I realize that I alone can't eliminate oppression. However, if I take a stand and encourage others to follow my example, we can change the world.

Pakistani Acid Victim Commits Suicide

http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2110403,00.html

It breaks my heart to read that 33 year old Fakhra Yonnus commited suicide today. She endured so much pain through her life and it hurts me to read about everything she went through. Her struggles began as she worked as a stripper in the red-light district of Karachi, Pakistan. She then got involved with a Pakistani politician whom she married when she was 17. A few years into her marriage, he started verbally and physically abusing her. One day in his anger he threw a bucket of acid on her. Her situation became so severe that her sister-in-law was concerned that she wouldn't make it. Her burns were so bad that her nose was melting and she couldn't breathe. Luckily, word eventually got out to humanitarian organizations and she was then taken to Italy for plastic surgeries. It looks like the emotional scarring she experienced was too deep and the damage had already been done. She decided on March 29 that life wasn't worth living and jumped from the 6th floor of the building in Rome where she was being treated. After reading this story, I really felt motivated to do something to raise awareness about this. Acid attacks on women are not ok. What do you suggest we can do to expose these horrors that take place? How can we protect women in male-dominated societies so they aren't subjected to this type of treatment?

Social Justice Blog: Education, Disparities, and the Achievement Gap

The articles Professor G sent us, the lecture in the Utopia Theater, and my experience interviewing teachers at Reagan High School have taught me a great deal about the "achievement gap" in the past two weeks. It is common knowledge that minority students are more likely to face hurdles in achieving academic success than their White counterparts. These hurdles come as a result of economic hardships and social barriers. The media and society as a whole focus more on the fact that these problems exist than on means for creating positive change for these students. I personally believe we need to focus more on the "how" instead of the "what" in order to make a difference.

I found the article discussing why black students are lagging to be very interesting and informative. Mr. Ogbu's research delves into the source behind the achievement gap and it provides clear reasons for the situation. I've definitely noticed in my experience that many minority students are afraid to be percieved as "acting white." The middle school I attended was a Humanities Magnet Program located in downtown Austin. There was a wide range of students from all across the city, including a fair share of Blacks and Hispanics. I remember there were times where myself and some of my Black and Hispanic friends were chastised by others for "talking white." I remember coming home crying one day telling my mom that a black girl told me that I was basically white because I "act white."

The girl's comment infuriated me because I have always been one who is proud of my ethnic roots. I couldn't understand why this girl more or less referred to me as a sell-out. My mom responded by telling me that if someone associates speaking gramatically correct English and having good manners as "white" qualities, it really goes to show their own sense of inferiority. To this day, I couldn't agree more. It frustrates me when I hear people associate intelligence and refined behavior with being "white," because it is almost as if they think that only White people are capable of these attributes. I honestly think that this mentality plays a signifcant role for many minorities. I remember there being many intelligent Black and Hispanic students at my middle school who stopped caring about school after they were accused by their peers for "trying to be white." How can we, as a society, change these perceptions that many minority students have? How can we let them know that they are capable as any White student of achieving academic success?

This ties into the lecture we attended on Wednesday pertaining to the achievement gap. I agree, like the others, that it wasn't exactly what I expected. While Mr.Edleman is a great speaker and the subject is something I'm very passionate about, I don't think the presentation as a whole did justice to the complexity of this issue. As I stated in class, it would have been beneficial to hear the panel's opinion on the role of peers. Psychological studies demonstrate that the peer group plays an important role during adolescence. I'm interested in solutions that assess the importance of peer validation. The reason why many minority students face greater hurdles isn't a lack of intelligence; it is a lack of social support. The achievement gap exists in part because students of color that excel academically are often ridiculed by community members for "trying to act white." The first step to solving this problem is to address ways to promote community involvement and support.

The teachers I interviewed at Reagan High School for my social justice project addressed the importance of support and encouragement for minority students. When I asked them what hurdles came in the way of Reagan's students, they listed a couple of issues including economic hardships,teenage pregnancy, and neighborhood crime. I admire all three of the teachers I interviewed for their passion and commitment to the well-being of their students. They attributed the root of these problems to a cycle of poverty which feeds off itself. The health sciences teacher put a special emphasis on the prevalence of teen pregnancies at the school. She stated that the school has a daycare and a pregnancy rate of 30%. She also noted that pregnancy at an early age is considered socially acceptable for many teens at Reagan.

I personally feel this high frequency of pregnancy demonstrates the lack of expectations these girls have for themselves. The world history teacher stated that he believes this apathy comes from the girls being told that their sole purpose is to procreate. If society expects certain things from you, it is very difficult to go against the norm. As far as the male students go, there is a strong level of gang influence, he said. He emphasized that a sense of belonging is key at this age, and the decision to focus on academics isn't a well-respected one. A lack of adequate family and community support drives many of these students to make decisions without clearly assessing the consequences.

After hearing all of this information and reflecting on the class readings and lectures, I feel even more inspired to help the situation. I feel even more passionate about empowering minority students that doubt themselves. I know that Mr. Edleman suggested mentoring and tutoring, both which are great, but I want to do something that can create a larger dent. Since the health sciences teacher at Reagan emphasized a need for positive role models, I want to do what I can to help. I believe that large-scale peer empowerment programs would be beneficial. If students participate together in such a program, they will be more likely to absorb the messages. Marianne Williamson's quote "Our deepest fear is not that we are inadequate--it's that we are powerful beyond measure," couldn't be more true. The achievement gap is reflective of a lack of faith many minority students have in themselves, and I want to do what I can to change this. As social workers, we have the potential to collectively make a difference. If we put our heart and soul into this cause, we can significantly reduce the incidence of this disparity.

Ghana Blog Five: Quality of Life in Ghana

1)Population and Profile
-25,241,998
(July 2012 est.)
Age Groups
-0-14 years: 36.5% (male 4,568,273/female 4,468,939)
15-64 years: 60% (male 7,435,449/female 7,436,204)
65 years and over: 3.6% (male 399,737/female 482,471) (2011 est.)
Median Age total: 21.4 years
male: 21.1 years
female :21.6 years (2011 est.)

2) Birth/Death Rates
Birth Rate: 26.99 births/1,000 population (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 47
Death Rate: 8.57 deaths/1,000 population (July 2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 80
Life Expectancy
total population: 61.45 years
country comparison to the world: 187
male: 60.22 years
female: 62.73 years (2012 est.)

3)Literacy: definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 57.9%
male: 66.4%
female:49.8% (2000 census)

4) Leading Causes of Death
-Diarrheal Diseases (23,516 deaths or12.53% of deaths in 2010)
-HIV/AIDS (18,465 or 9.84% of deaths in 2010)

5) Imports and Exports
Imports: capital equipment, petroleum, foodstuffs
Exports: gold, cocoa, timber, tuna, bauxite, aluminum, manganese ore, diamonds,
horticulture

6)Percentage below poverty line-28.5% (Census 2007)

7)Unemployment Rate- 11% (2000 est)

8) School Life Expectancy
total: 10 years
male: 11 years
female: 10 years (2009)

9)From modernghana.com: “ In Ghana, it is difficult to talk about
'average' house prices, because there is no central record of land and property
transitions which take place in this country - this lack of regulation in the
industry in fact one of the factors compounding the escalating-price problem. The
most common way of averaging house prices elsewhere is to take the median, that
is the middle, price – this way, the figure is less distorted by the top two or
so percent of particularly expensive properties.”

-However, the average household size is 4.6, the average rooms per household is 2.4, and the average room density is 2.0.

10) Prevalence of cell phone and Internet users
Cellular Phone Users
17.436
million (2010)
country comparison to the world: 48
Internet Hosts
60,282 (2011)
country comparison to the world: 91
Internet Users
1.297 million (2009)
country comparison to the world: 93

Sources:
http://www.worldlifeexpectancy.com/country-health-profile/ghana
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gh.html
http://www.modernghana.com/news/122211/1/house-prices-in-accra-too-high.html
http://www.ghanadistricts.com/region/?r=1&sa=90

Analysis
1) Physical Geography: Ghana is very rich in natural resources, including gold, timber, industrial diamonds, bauxite, manganese, fish, rubber, hydropower, petroleum, silver, salt, limestone. This allows for different industries to flourish and for Ghana to utilize these souces as exports. Agriculture is also a substantive part of Ghana's economy and the rainy tropical climate of the south allows for fruits, vegetables and grains to grow. However, Ghana does face disadvantages in the dry, arid north which is susceptible to drought and famine. Additionally, the area is known to recieve dust storms in the earlier half of the year. Based on this information, it appears that the standard of living ranges between low and medium for most people. While statistics show that roughly 25% of people live below the poverty line, there are likely other people who profit from the lucrative opportunites related to natural resources and agriculture.
2) Government System: On a positive note, Ghana has been described by the United Nations as Africa's most successful democracy. There is a democratic system of government intact, where people vote in elections and have the opportunity to experience their grievances. Nonetheless, corruption is prevalent throughout the Ghanian government. Ghana is better off than many other African nations yet it still lacks an effective structure. Another hurdle in the government system is the lack of acceptance of women politicians. While the likes of Kwame Nkrumah's daughter are examples of Ghanian women in politics, women are for the most part looked down upon for speaking their mind.
3) Economic system: Ghana's economy is 28.3 % agriculture based, 21 % industry based, and 50.7% service based. The average annual per capita income is $3,100. Since this figure is conveyed in American dollars, it's difficult to assess the situation. While 3,100 dollars seems like very little money for most Americans, by Ghanian standards, this amount of money may be just enough to help someone get by. That's not to say that poverty doesn't exist--there's no doubt that it does exist to a great extent. However, it's possible that certain items are proportionally cheaper for Ghanians. I have noticed in my trips to India that one can get a decent sized meal for $2--something that doesn't happen often in the US. I imagine that in Ghana the situation is similar.
4) History: Ghana used to be known as the Gold Coast during the time of colonialism. The presence of gold attracted colonists from Portugal, France, and England. While the British were the primary colonizers of the region, there were traders from the other two aforememtioned regions. The Portuguese built the Elimina Slave Castles to transport slaves from Ghana to other parts of the world. After years of slavery and oppression by European governments, Kwame Nkrumah helped Ghana achieve independence in 1957. This was a collective effort, with the help of pan-African thinkers like W.E. Dubois and Marcus Garvey. He was the first leader of Ghana and set the stage for making Ghana arguable the most democratic of African nations. The history of Ghana relates to the current standard of living in many ways. First and foremost, the fact that Ghana is a democracy impacts the people in a positive way. On the same token, since Ghana is a relatively new country it still faces difficulties with oganization and eliminating corruption. The deep-rooted oppression faced by Ghanians over time has also contributed greatly to poverty. For one, the Europeans exploited the natural resources and didn't allow the Ghanians to profit from them. Additionally, the lack of infrastructure contributes to social and economic difficulties.
5) Culture: Ghana is an extremely diverse nation with roughly 60 ethnic groups, 52 major languages, and hundreds of dialects. Ghana's culture is rich with different forms of music, literature, and festivals. There are a couple of ways in which the culture impacts the standard of living. First of all, Ghana experiences its fair share of ethnic strife and conflict. Although its diversity is admirable, it has unfortunately caused controversy between different groups. The case is similar for religion. There are also clashes between different religious groups (Christians, Muslims, and indigenous faiths). Life is indisputably more difficult for Ghanians in that they have to keep in mind the possibility of ethnic and religious riots. Another area where culture intersects lifestyle is in the role of women. While many communities within Ghana are matrilineal, there is still a common expection that women should be bearers of children and be confined to household labor. As I mentioned earlier, this influences the literacy rate for women, the Ghanian economy's output, and the participation of women in the political process.
6) How this relates to Gender Empowerment: The information I've gathered today further emphasizes the need for alleviating the status of women. Whether it's the average level of education attained, the literacy rate, or the number of jobs held, there is definitely a gap between men and women. For many years, the focus for women has primarily been taking care of the family. Although modern attitudes about educating and empowering women exist, change is occuring at a slow pace. While my Gender Empowerment group may not be able to make a huge dent in Ghanian society and attitudes, it is my hope that we will be able to convey messages of self-determination and economic empowerment for the women we work with.